Determinantes da adesão dos enfermeiros aos equipamentos de proteção individual no serviço de urgência: Scoping review / Determinants of nurses' adherence to personal protective equipment in the emergency department: Scoping review / Determinantes de la adherencia de los enfermeros a los equipos de protección individual en el servicio de urgencias: Revisión exploratoria

Resumo Contexto: O uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) garante a segurança dos profissionais de saúde e utentes. No entanto, os fatores que afetam a adesão aos mesmos encontram-se dispersos na literatura. Objetivo: Mapear os fatores que determinam a adesão ao uso de EPIs pelos enfermeiros do serviço de urgência. Método de revisão: Scoping review com base nos princípios preconizados pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Dois revisores independentes realizaram a análise de relevância dos artigos, a extração e síntese dos dados. Apresentação e interpretação dos resultados: Os artigos incluídos na revisão revelam que a responsabilidade, o conhecimento das consequências, as intervenções educacionais e o feedback em tempo real promovem a utilização de EPIs. Por sua vez, fatores como idade, patologias, falta de treino e avaliação, falta de conhecimento e insegurança inibem a adesão aos EPIs. Conclusão: A identificação destes fatores é crucial para o desenvolvimento de intervenções que visem o aumento da adesão aos EPIs. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para determinar que fatores influenciam o seu uso.

Abstract Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) ensures the safety of both health professionals and patients. However, the factors influencing adherence to PPE are scattered in the literature. Objective: To map the factors influencing nurses' adherence to PPE use in the emergency department. Review method: Scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. Two independent reviewers analyzed the relevance of the studies, and extracted and synthesized data. Presentation and interpretation of results: The studies included in this review revealed that responsibility, knowledge of the consequences, educational interventions, and real-time feedback promote adherence to PPE use. In turn, factors such as age, diseases, lack of training and assessment, lack of knowledge, and insecurity hinder adherence to PPE use. Conclusion: Identifying these factors is crucial in developing interventions to increase adherence to PPE use. Further studies should be carried out to determine the factors influencing PPE use.

Resumen Contexto: El uso de equipos de protección individual (EPI) garantiza la seguridad de los profesionales sanitarios y de los usuarios. Sin embargo, los factores que afectan su adherencia a los mismos se encuentran dispersos en la literatura. Objetivo: Mapear los factores que determinan la adherencia al uso de EPI por parte de los enfermeros en el servicio de urgencias. Método de revisión: Revisión exploratoria (scoping review) con base en los principios del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Dos revisores independientes realizaron el análisis de relevancia de los artículos, la extracción y la síntesis de los datos. Presentación e interpretación de los resultados: Los artículos incluidos en la revisión muestran que la responsabilidad, el conocimiento de las consecuencias, las intervenciones educativas y la retroalimentación en tiempo real promueven el uso de los EPI. A su vez, factores como la edad, las patologías, la falta de formación y evaluación, el desconocimiento y la inseguridad inhiben la adherencia a los EPI. Conclusión: La identificación de estos factores es crucial para el desarrollo de intervenciones destinadas a aumentar la adherencia a los EPI. Deberían realizarse más estudios para determinar qué factores influyen en su uso.

Determinantes da adesão dos enfermeiros aos equipamentos de proteção individual no serviço de urgência: Scoping review / Determinants of nurses' adherence to personal protective equipment in the emergency department: Scoping review / Determinantes de la adherencia de los enfermeros a los equipos de protección individual en el servicio de urgencias: Revisión exploratoria

Resumo Contexto: O uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) garante a segurança dos profissionais de saúde e utentes. No entanto, os fatores que afetam a adesão aos mesmos encontram-se dispersos na literatura. Objetivo: Mapear os fatores que determinam a adesão ao uso de EPIs pelos enfermeiros do serviço de urgência. Método de revisão: Scoping review com base nos princípios preconizados pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Dois revisores independentes realizaram a análise de relevância dos artigos, a extração e síntese dos dados. Apresentação e interpretação dos resultados: Os artigos incluídos na revisão revelam que a responsabilidade, o conhecimento das consequências, as intervenções educacionais e o feedback em tempo real promovem a utilização de EPIs. Por sua vez, fatores como idade, patologias, falta de treino e avaliação, falta de conhecimento e insegurança inibem a adesão aos EPIs. Conclusão: A identificação destes fatores é crucial para o desenvolvimento de intervenções que visem o aumento da adesão aos EPIs. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para determinar que fatores influenciam o seu uso.

Abstract Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) ensures the safety of both health professionals and patients. However, the factors influencing adherence to PPE are scattered in the literature. Objective: To map the factors influencing nurses' adherence to PPE use in the emergency department. Review method: Scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. Two independent reviewers analyzed the relevance of the studies, and extracted and synthesized data. Presentation and interpretation of results: The studies included in this review revealed that responsibility, knowledge of the consequences, educational interventions, and real-time feedback promote adherence to PPE use. In turn, factors such as age, diseases, lack of training and assessment, lack of knowledge, and insecurity hinder adherence to PPE use. Conclusion: Identifying these factors is crucial in developing interventions to increase adherence to PPE use. Further studies should be carried out to determine the factors influencing PPE use.

Resumen Contexto: El uso de equipos de protección individual (EPI) garantiza la seguridad de los profesionales sanitarios y de los usuarios. Sin embargo, los factores que afectan su adherencia a los mismos se encuentran dispersos en la literatura. Objetivo: Mapear los factores que determinan la adherencia al uso de EPI por parte de los enfermeros en el servicio de urgencias. Método de revisión: Revisión exploratoria (scoping review) con base en los principios del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Dos revisores independientes realizaron el análisis de relevancia de los artículos, la extracción y la síntesis de los datos. Presentación e interpretación de los resultados: Los artículos incluidos en la revisión muestran que la responsabilidad, el conocimiento de las consecuencias, las intervenciones educativas y la retroalimentación en tiempo real promueven el uso de los EPI. A su vez, factores como la edad, las patologías, la falta de formación y evaluación, el desconocimiento y la inseguridad inhiben la adherencia a los EPI. Conclusión: La identificación de estos factores es crucial para el desarrollo de intervenciones destinadas a aumentar la adherencia a los EPI. Deberían realizarse más estudios para determinar qué factores influyen en su uso.

Representações Sociais da Mulher na Literatura Científica: uma Revisão Sistemática / Social Representations of Women in Scientific Literature: a Systematic Review / Representaciones Sociales de la Mujer en la Literatura Científica: una Revisión Sistemática

Esta revisão sistemática analisa publicações científicas sobre representações sociais da mulher no Brasil e América Latina, considerando para essa análise os objetivos de estudos embasados na Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS) a fim de identificar os principais temas e contextos nos quais eles têm sido realizados. Foram conduzidas buscas nas bases Lilacs, PePSIC e SciELO, utilizando-se os descritores: "feminino" ou "mulher" combinados com "representação social". Foram analisados 114 artigos, publicados entre 1999 e 2020. A análise foi realizada com auxílio do software Iramuteq, gerando quatro classes temáticas: "Relação com o corpo"; "Gestação e maternidade"; "Feminino contranormativo" e "Violência de gênero". Nos resultados, observou-se dois núcleos principais: por um lado, temas tipicamente associados ao feminino, como maternidade, por outro, contextos não aprovados socialmente ou contranormativos, como a prostituição. Assim, há nas publicações uma representação ambivalente que parece espelhar a realidade social, tratando do que deve ser ou não "lugar de mulher". Além disso, percebe-se a ausência de estudos embasados pela TRS sobre a mulher em espaços importantes, como os de liderança política. Com isso, discutimos a relação entre representações sociais da mulher e práticas sociais, bem como o papel da ciência no combate às desigualdades de gênero.

This systematic review analyzes scientific publications on social representations of women in Brazil and Latin America, considering for this analysis the objectives of studies based on the Theory of Social Representations (TSR) in order to identify their main themes and contexts. Searches were conducted in the Lilacs, PePSIC and SciELO databases, using the descriptors: "female" or "woman" combined with "social representation". We analyzed 114 articles, published between 1999 and 2020. The analysis was performed with the help of the Iramuteq software, generating four thematic classes: "Relationship with the body"; "Gestation and maternity"; "Female counter-normative"; "Gender-based violence". In the results, two main focuses were observed: themes typically associated with the feminine, such as motherhood, and contexts not socially approved or counter-normative, such as prostitution. There is an ambivalent representation in publications that seems to mirror the social reality, dealing with what should or should not be the "woman's place". In addition, there is a lack of studies supported by the TSR on women in important spaces, such as those of political leadership. Finally, we discussed the relationship between social representations of women and social practices, as well as the role of science in combating gender inequalities.

Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo analizar las publicaciones científicas sobre las representaciones sociales de las mujeres en Brasil y América Latina, considerando los objetivos de los estudios basados en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS) a fin de identificar sus principales temas y contextos. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases Lilacs, PePSIC y SciELO, utilizando los descriptores: "femenino" o "mujer" combinados con "representación social". Se analizaron 114 artículos, publicados entre 1999 y 2020. El análisis con el software Iramuteq, generó cuatro clases: "Relación con el cuerpo"; "Gestación y maternidad"; "Contranormativa femenina" y "Violencia de género". En los resultados se observaron dos enfoques principales: temas típicamente asociados con el femenino, como la maternidad, y contextos no aprobados socialmente, como la prostitución. Así, existe una representación ambivalente en las publicaciones que parece reflejar la realidad social, abordando lo que debería o no ser un "lugar de mujeres". Además, faltan estudios apoyados por la TRS sobre mujeres en áreas importantes, como las del liderazgo político. Con esto, discutimos la relación entre las representaciones sociales de las mujeres y las prácticas sociales, así como el papel de la ciencia en la lucha contra las desigualdades de género.

Conflito com a lei e sexismo: percepções de adolescentes de Sergipe (Brasil) / Conflicto con la ley y sexismo: percepciones de adolescentes de Sergipe (Brasil) / Conflict with the law and sexism: perceptions of adolescents in Sergipe (Brazil)

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é investigar como adolescentes do gênero feminino, em privação de liberdade, percebem a situação de conflito com a lei e o sexismo. Participaram quatro adolescentes que cumpriam medida socioeducativa de privação de liberdade em Sergipe (Brasil). Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, interpretadas por meio da análise temática de conteúdo. Emergiram duas categorias: «Diferenças de gênero no ato infracional: a transgressão como característica masculina¼ e «Diferenças de gênero na medida socio-educativa: a obediência como característica feminina¼, indicando o impacto do gênero na percepção dessas adolescentes. Em conjunto, os resultados evidenciam que atentar ao recorte de gênero e às relações entre conflito com a lei e o sexismo são aspectos fundamentais para alcançar o ideário da legislação brasileira, o atendimento às especificidades das adolescentes numa proteção integral e igualitária.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es investigar cómo adolescentes, privadas de libertad, perciben la situación de conflicto con la ley y el sexismo. Participaron cuatro adolescentes que cumplían medida so-cioeducativa de privación de libertad en Sergipe (Brasil). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, interpretadas mediante análisis de contenido temático. Surgieron dos categorías: «diferencias de género en la infracción: la transgresión como característica masculina¼ y «diferencias de género en la medida socioeducativa: la obediencia como característica femenina¼, indicando el impacto del género en la percepción de estas adolescentes. En conjunto, los resultados muestran que la atención al género y la relación entre conflicto con la ley y sexismo son aspectos fundamentales para lograr los ideales de la legislación brasileña, que es respetar las especificidades de las adolescentes en una protección integral e igualitaria.

Abstract This study aims to research how female adolescents who are deprived of their liberty perceive the relationship between their conflict with the law and sexism. The participants were four adolescents who were detained in a correctional facility in Sergipe (Brazil). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and these were interpreted using thematic content analysis. Two categories emerged: «Gender differences in infractions: transgression as a male characteristic¼ and «Gender differences in so-cioeducational scenarios: obedience as a female characteristic¼, highlighting the impact of gender on the perceptions of these adolescents. The results obtained through this research indicate that concentrating gender and the relationship between conflict with the law and sexism are fundamental aspects for achieving ideal legislation that respects the specific situations experienced by adolescents and provides them with integrated and equal protection.

She deserved it: Analysis of variables that influence the accountability of victims of sexual violence / Ella se lo merecía: Análisis de variables que influyen en la rendición de cuentas de las víctimas de violencia sexual

Abstract This article aims to analyze the effect of the combination of the variables - victim characteristics (skin color and normativity), observer sex, Belief in a Just World, and ambivalent sexism - on sexual violence victim blaming. Three studies were conducted with university students (Study 1, N=288; Study 2, N=226; Study 3, N=307), who were asked to answer some items on victim blaming, Belief in a Just World, and Ambivalent Sexism. The ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses have shown that the combination of these variables resulted in higher black and counter-normative victim blaming. The results confirmed that victim skin color, victim normativity, and the observer sex influence victim blaming for sexual violence (study 1); that BJW predicts the attribution of the victim's accountability for sexual violence (study 2), and that only benevolent sexism, together with BJW, was responsible for predicting victim blaming for sexual violence (study 3).

Abstract La mayoría de los estudios que investigan la culpabilización de las mujeres que son víctimas de violencia sexual indican que algunas características de la víctima y del observador están estrechamente relacionadas con este fenómeno. Este artículo propone analizar el efecto de la combinación de las variables características de la víctima (color de la piel y normatividad), el sexo del observador, la Creencia en un Mundo Justo y el sexismo ambivalente, en la culpabilización de la víctima de la violencia sexual. Desarrollamos tres estudios realizados con estudiantes universitarios (Estudio 1, N = 288; Estudio 2, N = 226; Estudio 3, N = 307), que fueron instruidos para responder algunos ítems sobre culpar a la víctima, creer en un mundo justo y sexismo ambivalente. Los análisis, ANOVA y ANCOVA, mostraron que la combinación de estas variables dio como resultado una mayor culpa atribuida a la víctima negra y la contranormativa. Los resultados confirmaron que el color de la piel de la víctima, la normatividad de la víctima y el sexo del observador influencian en la responsabilización de la víctima de violencia sexual (estudio 1), que la CMJ predice la responsabilización de la víctima de violencia sexual (estudio 2) y que solamente el sexismo benevolente, junto con la CMJ, fue responsable por prever la culpabilización de la víctima de violencia sexual (estudio 3).

"But she was drunk": Sexual violence and Blaming the victim

Abstract: Various studies have been demonstrating the importance of patriarchal values in the structuring of society, especially with regard to sexual violence against women, pointing out that women themselves are still blamed for the violence that they suffer. The work presented here falls within this context and analyzes how the social representations of university students about women victims of sexual violence are structured (Study 1; N = 288) and how information about the victim's skin color can affect the judgment that is made about women victims of sexual violence (study 2; N = 99). Together, the results indicate that the woman was blamed for the violence she suffered and this becomes more evident in the situation in which the woman was Black.

Resumo: Vários estudos têm demonstrado a importância dos valores patriarcais na estruturação da sociedade, principalmente no que se refere à violência sexual contra mulheres, apontando que ela ainda é culpabilizada pela violência por ela própria sofrida. O trabalho aqui apresentado insere-se nesse contexto e analisa como são estruturadas as representações sociais de estudantes universitários sobre mulheres vítimas de violência sexual (Estudo 1; N=288) e como a informação sobre a cor da pele da vítima pode afetar o julgamento que se faz de mulheres vítimas de violência sexual (estudo 2; N=99). Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que a mulher foi culpabilizada pela violência por ela sofrida e isso fica mais evidente na situação na qual a mulher era negra.

Resumen: Varios estudios han demostrado la importancia de los valores patriarcales en la estructuración de la sociedad, especialmente en lo que respecta a la violencia sexual contra la mujer, señalando que aún se le culpa por la violencia que ha sufrido. El trabajo que aquí se presenta se enmarca en este contexto y analiza cómo se estructuran las representaciones sociales de los estudiantes universitarios sobre las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual (Estudio 1; N = 288) y cómo la información sobre el color de piel de la víctima puede afectar el juicio que se hace sobre las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual (estudio 2; N = 99). En conjunto, los resultados indican que se culpó a la mujer por la violencia que sufrió y esto es más evidente en la situación en la que la mujer era negra.

A protocol to examine the learning effects of 'multisystem mapping' training combined with post-training sleep consolidation in beginning readers.

We have recently used randomized controlled trials to examine the impact of a short neuroscience-informed causal intervention using a targeted training to inhibit a deeply rooted visual mechanism (mirror invariance) that hinders literacy acquisition, combined with post-training sleep (for learning consolidation). Using this training protocol, we have shown unprecedented improvements in visual perception of letters, writing, and a two-fold increase in reading fluency in first graders. Here, we describe this ecologically valid school-based intervention protocol to probe inhibition of mirror invariance for letters, including the detailed training instructions, post-training sleep consolidation, as well as practical tips and potential adaptations to different school sizes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Torres et al., (2021).

Preconceito e Identidade Patriótica face à Imigração de Médicos / Prejudice and Patriotic Identity face to Immigration of Physicians / Prejuicio e Identidad Patriótica frente a la Inmigración de Médicos

Este artigo analisa o papel do preconceito e de fatores identitários na oposição à contratação de médicos estrangeiros. Utilizou-se o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) como cenário para testar a hipótese de que a oposição à contratação de médicos estrangeiros varia consoante a nacionalidade do médico e é motivada pelo preconceito e necessidade de manter a identidade patriótica. Realizamos dois estudos entre estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira (N= 236 e N=176), nos quais colocamos em saliência a origem nacional dos médicos e avaliamos a oposição à sua contratação. Os resultados indicaram que a influência da origem dos imigrantes na oposição à sua contratação pelo PMM ocorre somente nos participantes mais preconceituosos e esse efeito é maior entre os participantes com níveis mais elevado da identidade patriótica. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam a importância de investigar o papel do preconceito juntamente com diferentes dimensões da identidade social no posicionamento frente a imigração de profissionais qualificados. (AU)

This article examines the role of prejudice and identity factors in opposition to hiring foreigner physicians. Used the More Doctors Program as a backdrop to test the hypothesis that opposition to hiring foreign doctors varies according to the origin of the doctor and is motivated by prejudice and the need to maintain the patriotic identity. We conducted two studies among students of a Brazilian public university (N = 236 and N = 176), in which it was highlighted the national origin of doctors and evaluated the opposition to their hiring. The results indicated that the influence of the origin of immigrants in opposition to their hiring by the Program occurs only in the most prejudiced participants and this effect is greater among participants with higher levels of patriotic identity. Together, the results indicate the importance of investigating the role of prejudice together with different dimensions of social identity in the positioning against the immigration of qualified professionals. (AU)

Este artículo analiza el papel del prejuicio y de factores identitarios en la oposición a la contratación de médicos extranjeros. Se utilizó el Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) como base para testar la hipótesis de que la oposición a la contratación de médicos extranjeros varía según el origen del médico y está motivada por el prejuicio y la identidad patriótica. Realizamos dos estudios entre los estudiantes de una universidad pública brasileña (N = 236 y N = 176), en los que destacamos el origen nacional de los médicos y evaluamos la oposición a su contratación. Los resultados indican que la influencia del origen de los inmigrantes sobre la oposición a su contratación por el PMM ocurre solamente en los participantes más prejuiciosos y este efecto es más importante entre los participantes que tienen niveles más altos de identidad patriótica. En conjunto, los resultados indican la importancia de investigar el papel del prejuicio junto con diversas dimensiones de la identidad social en el posicionamiento frente a la inmigración de profesionales calificados. (AU)

Selective Inhibition of Mirror Invariance for Letters Consolidated by Sleep Doubles Reading Fluency.

Mirror invariance is a visual mechanism that enables a prompt recognition of mirror images. This visual capacity emerges early in human development, is useful to recognize objects, faces, and places from both left and right perspectives, and is also present in primates, pigeons, and cephalopods. Notwithstanding, the same visual mechanism has been suspected to be the source of a specific difficulty for a relatively recent human invention-reading-by creating confusion between mirror letters (e.g., b-d in the Latin alphabet). Using an ecologically valid school-based design, we show here that mirror invariance represents indeed a major leash for reading fluency acquisition in first graders. Our causal approach, which specifically targeted mirror invariance inhibition for letters, in a synergic combination with post-training sleep to increase learning consolidation, revealed unprecedented improvement in reading fluency, which became two-times faster. This gain was obtained with as little as 7.5 h of multisensory-motor training to distinguish mirror letters, such as "b" versus "d." The magnitude, automaticity, and duration of this mirror discrimination learning were greatly enhanced by sleep, which keeps the gains perfectly intact even after 4 months. The results were consistently replicated in three randomized controlled trials. They not only reveal an extreme case of cognitive plasticity in humans (i.e., the inhibition in just 3 weeks of a ∼25-million-year-old visual mechanism), that allows adaptation to a cultural activity (reading), but at the same time also show a simple and cost-effective way to unleash the reading fluency potential of millions of children worldwide.

Egalitarian men: stereotypes and discrimination / Hombres igualitarios: estereotipos y discriminación en el mercado laboral

Abstract This article aimed to analyze the stereotypes attributed to "egalitarian men", understood here as men who support gender equality in relation to domestic and family responsibilities as well as inclusion in the workforce. To do so, two studies were carried out. The first study investigated the attribution of stereotypes to egalitarian men through a single open question. A total of 250 university students participated in this study, of which 51.1% were male, and their average age was 21.5 years (SD = 4.39). The second study analyzed the attribution of stereotypes to egalitarian or traditional men and women in a work context considered masculine. Participants included 221 university students with a mean age of 21.9 years (SD = 4.19), the majority (54.3%) being male. Taken together, the results of the two studies indicate that the egalitarian man is perceived as fragile and possibly homosexual. On the other hand, he is also seen as being more competent than traditional men.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar los estereotipos atribuidos a los "hombres igualitarios", aquí entendidos como hombres que defienden la igualdad de género en lo que refiere a las responsabilidades domésticas y familiares, así como en la inserción laboral. Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios: el primero para investigar la atribución de estereotipos sobre los hombres igualitarios por medio de una única pregunta abierta, en el que participaron 250 estudiantes universitarios con edad media de 21.5 años (DE = 4.39), de los cuales el 51.1 % era del sexo masculino; y el segundo para analizar la atribución de estereotipos a hombres y mujeres igualitarios o tradicionales en un contexto laboral considerado masculino, que contó con la participación de 221 universitarios con edad media de 21.9 años (DE = 4.19), siendo la mayoría (54.3 %) del sexo masculino. En conjunto, los resultados de los dos estudios indican que el hombre igualitario es percibido como frágil y posiblemente homosexual; aunque, por otro lado, también es visto como más competente que los hombres tradicionales

Psychosocial Processes of Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace / Procesos Psicosociales de Discriminación contra la Mujer en el Lugar de Trabajo

Abstract This work aimed to analyze the influence of stereotypes on discrimination against women. Specifically, it investigated the effects of the candidate gender (man vs. woman), the status regarding parental leave (exercising the right vs. waiving the right), and the stereotypes of competence, sociability, and morality regarding this discrimination. Consistent with previous studies, the candidate gender and the parental leave status interact and together influence discrimination against women (Study 1, F(I, 229)=22.45, p<.001). In turn, the triple interaction of candidate gender, parental leave status, and the three dimensions of stereotypes (Study 2, F(4, 587)=2.73, p=.030, η2=.018) revealed that the woman who took parental leave received more positive evaluations in the three stereotypical dimensions, in comparison with to the woman who waived her right to the leave, and, at the same time, she was poorly assessed in the competence dimension, compared to the man who exercises the same right (Study 2, N=312).

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de los estereotipos en la discriminación contra la mujer. Específicamente, se investigó los efectos del género candidato (hombre frente a mujer); el estado con respecto al permiso parental (ejercicio del derecho frente a la renuncia al derecho) y los estereotipos de competencia, sociabilidad y moralidad sobre esta discriminación. De acuerdo con estudios anteriores, el género de los candidatos y el estado de licencia parental interactúan e influyen juntos en la discriminación contra las mujeres (Estudio 1, F(I, 229) =22.45, p<.001). A su vez, la triple interacción del género candidato, el estado de licencia parental y las tres dimensiones de los estereotipos (Estudio 2, F(4, 587)=2.73, p=.030, η2=.018) revelaron que la mujer que tomó la licencia de paternidad se evaluó de manera más positiva en las tres dimensiones estereotipadas, en comparación con la mujer que renunció a su derecho a la licencia quien, al mismo tiempo, se evaluó de manera más pobre en la dimensión de competencia en comparación con el hombre que ejerce el mismo derecho (Estudio 2, N=312).

"Our Country Needs a Strong Leader Right Now": Economic Inequality Enhances the Wish for a Strong Leader.

Societal inequality has been found to harm the mental and physical health of its members and undermine overall social cohesion. Here, we tested the hypothesis that economic inequality is associated with a wish for a strong leader in a study involving 28 countries from five continents (Study 1, N = 6,112), a study involving an Australian community sample (Study 2, N = 515), and two experiments (Study 3a, N = 96; Study 3b, N = 296). We found correlational (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental (Studies 3a and 3b) evidence for our prediction that higher inequality enhances the wish for a strong leader. We also found that this relationship is mediated by perceptions of anomie, except in the case of objective inequality in Study 1. This suggests that societal inequality enhances the perception that society is breaking down (anomie) and that a strong leader is needed to restore order (even when that leader is willing to challenge democratic values).

Influence of Group Membership, Moral Values and Belief in a Just World in Blaming the Victim / Influência da Pertença Grupal, Valores Morais e Crença no Mundo Justo na Culpabilização da Vítima / Influencia de la Pertenencia Grupal, Valores Morais y Creencia en el Mundo Justo en la Culpabilización de la Víctima

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between the victim's group membership and secondary victimization she suffers, moderated by Moral Values and Belief in a Just World (BJW). The victim of the ingroup was blamed more for the sexual violence she suffered (Study 1, N = 250). In turn, that relationship was moderated by binding values (Study 2, N = 117) and by BJW (Study 3, N = 258). Together, the results suggest that the victim blaming is greater when she belongs to the ingroup; and that this relationship is predicted by high adherence to binding values and low adherence to BJW. This research contributes to the extent that it demonstrates that the relationship between adherence to binding values and victim derogation does not occur exclusively at the cognitive level, as information processing in which high adherence to these values would produce greater secondary victimization regardless of group membership of the victim. Additionally, it highlights the importance of considering the psychosocial processes underlying violence against women in order to promote more effective discussions and actions.

Resumo Este trabalho investigou a relação entre pertença grupal da vítima (endogrupo vs. exogrupo) e vitimização secundária por ela sofrida moderada pelos valores morais e Crença em um Mundo Justo (CMJ). Em consonância com estudos anteriores, a vítima do endogrupo foi mais responsabilizada pela violência sexual por ela sofrida (Estudo 1, N = 250). Por sua vez, essa relação foi moderada pelos valores vinculativos (Estudo 2, N = 117) e pela CMJ (Estudo 3, N = 258). Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a responsabilização da vítima de violência sexual é maior quando ela pertence ao endogrupo; e que esta relação é predita pela alta adesão aos valores vinculativos e baixa adesão à Crença em um Mundo Justo (CMJ). Esta investigação traz contribuições na medida em que demonstra que a relação entre adesão aos valores vinculativos e a derrogação da vítima não ocorre exclusivamente ao nível cognitivo, como um processamento de informação no qual a alta adesão a esses valores produziria maior vitimização secundária independente da pertença grupal da vítima. Adicionalmente, sinaliza a importância de considerar os processos psicossociais subjacentes à violência contra as mulheres com a finalidade de promover discussões e ações mais efetivas.

Resumen Este estudio investigó la relación entre la pertenencia a un grupo de la víctima y la victimización secundaria que sufre, moderada por los valores morales y la creencia en un mundo justo (BJW). Se culpó más a la víctima del ingroup por la violencia sexual que sufrió (Estudio 1, N = 250). A su vez, esa relación fue moderada por los valores de enlace (Estudio 2, N = 117) y por BJW (Estudio 3, N = 258). Juntos, los resultados sugieren que la culpa de la víctima es mayor cuando pertenece al ingroup; y que esta relación se predice por una alta adherencia a los valores de unión y una baja adherencia a BJW. Esta investigación contribuye en la medida en que demuestra que la relación entre la adherencia a los valores vinculantes y la derogación de la víctima no se produce exclusivamente a nivel cognitivo, ya que el procesamiento de la información en el que la alta adherencia a estos valores produciría una mayor victimización secundaria independientemente de la pertenencia al grupo de la victima. Además, destaca la importancia de considerar los procesos psicosociales subyacentes a la violencia contra las mujeres para promover debates y acciones más efectivas.

Terrorist threat, dehumanization, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of discrimination.

This study analyzed the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination, operationalized by support for retributive justice against Islamic groups suspect of terrorist crimes. Two experimental studies were performed. Study 1 (N = 215) showed that the terrorist threat against the ingroup raises the support for the retributive procedures through the dehumanization of the outgroup. Study 2 (N = 304) analyzed how the mediating role of dehumanization in the relationship between terrorist threat and support for retributive justice is moderated by right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). In addition, the study aimed to verify if the dehumanization of outgroup and RWA could explain the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination of Muslim immigrants. The results indicated that adherence to RWA favors dehumanization of the outgroup and, consecutively, the discrimination, operationalized as support for the use of retributive justice. The adherence to RWA has been identified as the mechanism that explains the discrimination against Muslim immigrants.

Black people are convicted more for being black than for being poor: The role of social norms and cultural prejudice on biased racial judgments.

Black and poor people are more frequently convicted of committing crimes. However, the specific role played by skin color and social class in convicting a person has yet to be clarified. This article aims to elucidate this issue by proposing that belonging to a lower social class facilitates the conviction of black targets and that this phenomenon is because information about social class dissimulates racial bias. Study 1 (N = 160) demonstrated that information about belonging to the lower classes increases agreement with a criminal suspect being sentenced to prison only when described as being black. Furthermore, Studies 2 (N = 170) and 3 (N = 174) show that the anti-prejudice norm inhibits discrimination against the black target when participants were asked to express individual racial prejudice, but not when they expressed cultural racial prejudice. Finally, Study 4 (N = 134) demonstrated that lower-class black targets were discriminated against to a greater degree when participants expressed either individual or cultural prejudice and showed that this occurs when racial and class anti-prejudice norms are salient. The results suggest that social class negatively affects judgments of black targets because judgment based on lower class mitigates the racist motivation of discrimination.

Cuotas raciales: un estudio sobre las representaciones sociales de universitarios y no universitarios / Racial quotas: a study about university student's and non-university's social representations

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar el posicionamiento de estudiantes y no estudiantes frente a las cuotas raciales en las universidades públicas brasileñas, así como las justificaciones para ese posicionamiento. Además, investigar los niveles de prejuicio existentes entre los participantes y la relación entre su color de piel y sus posicionamientos frente a esas cuotas. Participantes. 83 estudiantes y 63 no estudiantes. Los resultados demostraron que los no estudiantes se perciben más prejuiciosos y un 74% de los participantes son favorables a las cuotas, siendo los autodeclarados negros los que indicaron mayor concordancia. El análisis léxico demostró que los estudiantes anclan sus posicionamientos en principios meritocráticos, mientras que los no universitarios anclan en principios igualitarios, reflejando la forma en cómo estos grupos construyen simbólicamente el significado de las cuotas raciales a partir de sus pertenencias sociales.

Abstract This work aimed at analyzing the positioning of students and non-students about racial quotas in the Brazilian public universities and the justifications for that positioning. We also investigated the levels of prejudice existing among the participants and the relationship between their skin color and their positions about those quotas. The participants were 83 students and 63 non-students. The results showed that non-students perceive themselves as more prejudiced and 74% of the them were favorable to the quotas, being the self-declared black those that indicated greater agreement. The lexical analysis showed that students anchor their positions in meritocratic principles, while non-students anchor on egalitarian principles, reflecting the way in which these groups symbolically construct the meaning of racial quotas based on their group memberships.

Unemployment, Self-esteem, and Depression: Differences between Men and Women.

Although there is a vast bibliography on the negative consequences of unemployment for mental health, there are no studies that analyze the differences between men and women in relation to the consequences that unemployment could have simultaneously on self-esteem and depression. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether, unemployment is differentially associated with the self-esteem of men and women, and to test whether this circumstance can be considered a psychological mechanism by which we could explain differences in depression for men and women. Results show that self-esteem is a mediating variable (indirect effect = .11; 90% CI [.04, .19]), considering its differential impact on depression, but this mediation is moderated by the gender of the respondents (b = .21, 90% IC [.01, .40]. In summary, unemployment is associated with lower self-esteem, which in turn is related to greater depressive symptoms. This relationship is only observed for men and not for women.

Unemployment, self-esteem, and depression: differences between men and women

Although there is a vast bibliography on the negative consequences of unemployment for mental health, there are no studies that analyze the differences between men and women in relation to the consequences that unemployment could have simultaneously on self-esteem and depression. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether, unemployment is differentially associated with the self-esteem of men and women, and to test whether this circumstance can be considered a psychological mechanism by which we could explain differences in depression for men and women. Results show that self-esteem is a mediating variable (indirect effect = .11; 90% CI [.04, .19]), considering its differential impact on depression, but this mediation is moderated by the gender of the respondents (b = .21, 90% IC [.01, .40]. In summary, unemployment is associated with lower self-esteem, which in turn is related to greater depressive symptoms. This relationship is only observed for men and not for women

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